Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet XI (the Flood): tablet Sm.2131
Introduction
Tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh (Standard Babylonian version, attributed to Sin-leqi-unninni) as it survives on one physical object: British Museum tablet Sm.2131 (Sm.2131 + Sm.2196 + Rm-II.383 + Rm-II.390 + 1882,0522.316 (joined)), excavated at Nineveh from the library of Ashurbanipal (7th c. BCE). It is manuscript T₂ in A. R. George's 2003 edition. The photograph is the British Museum's, showing the inscribed face(s) and edges; column(s) i, ii, iii are preserved (84 lines).
Three criteria are met for every section:
- Manuscript scan: the British Museum photograph of Sm.2131 itself (served by the Electronic Babylonian Library, LMU Munich). Each section names the column and face (obverse = columns i-iii, reverse = columns iv-vi) and the tablet's own line numbers, so the reader can find the lines on the photograph.
- Original text: the eBL manuscript-level ATF transliteration of the signs on this tablet (not the composite text). Brackets [ ] mark broken signs, x an illegible sign, # a damaged sign. Superscript numbers are the modern line numbers of George 2003 / eBL.
- Public-domain English: R. Campbell Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamish (London, 1928), verbatim, with his marginal line numbers as T n.
On line numbers. Thompson's 1928 numbering is not George's. For this tablet the correspondence was established one anchor per Thompson marginal number by reading his verse against the Akkadian; sections are cut only at those anchors, so each section's English is the block of Thompson's lines that renders exactly these Akkadian lines. Where the tablet's text begins or ends inside a Thompson block, the whole block is given and the section says so. Thompson's readings reflect the state of knowledge in 1928: modern editions (George 2003; the eBL edition, updated continuously) supersede him and are not public domain, so they are not reproduced here beyond the transliteration of this tablet's signs.
How was this verified? (Provenance)
28[x x x x x x x x x : ]
29lu#-[u₂ x x x x x x x]
30[x x mit]-hur# ru#-pu#-us#-sa [x x x x]
31[x x a]p-si-i ša₂-a-ši ṣ[u-ul-lil-ši]
32[a-na-k]u i-de-ma a-zak-ka-r[a x x x x x x x x]
33[am-g]ur be-li₂ ša₂ taq-ba-a a[t-ta x x x]
T 25Pull down, (and) fashion a vessel (therewith); abandon possessions,
Life do thou seek, (and) thy hoard disregard, and save life; every creature
Make to embark in the vessel. The vessel, which thou art to fashion,
T 30Apt be its measure; its beam and its length be in due correspondence,
(Then) [on] the deep do thou launch it." And I—sooth, I apprehending,
(This wise) to Ea, my lord, did I speak: '[See], Lord, what thou sayest
Thompson's numbered block(s) extend before the lines preserved on this tablet; the whole block is given so that no English line is cut mid-block.
34[at]-ta-ʾ-id a-na-k[u x x x]
35[ki-m]i lu-pu-ul URU um-ma-nu u₃# [x x x]
36[{d}]e₂#-a pa-a-šu₂ i-pu-uš-ma DUG₄.GA
37MU-[ra x x x x x x]
38u₃# at-ta ki-a-am ta-qab-b[a-aš₂]-šu₂#-nu#-ti#
39[mi]n₃-de-ma ia-a-ši {d}+en-lil₂ i-[ze-er]-an-ni-ma
40[u]l uš-šab ina URU#-[ku]-nu-ma
41[ina] qaq-qar {d}+en-lil₂ ul a-šak-ka-n[a še-p]i-ia-a-ma
42[ur-r]ad-ma ana ABZU it-ti {d}e₂#-a [b]e-li₂-ia aš₂-ba-ku
43[ana k]a-a-šu₂-nu u₂-ša₂-az-na-[n]ak-ku-nu-ši nu-uh-šam-ma
T 35Thus, do I honour, I'll do—(but) to city, to people, and elders
Am I, forsooth, to explain?' (Then) Ea made answer in speaking,
Saying to me—me, his henchman!—'Thou mortal, shalt speak to them this wise:
"’Tis me alone (?) whom Enlil so hateth that I in your city
T 40No (more) may dwell, nor turn my face unto the land which is Enlil's.
[I will go] down to the Deep, (there) dwelling with Ea, my [liege] lord,
(Wherefore) [on] you will he shower down plenty, yea, fowl [in great number(?)],
44[x x] MUŠEN-MEŠ pu-zu-ur KU₆-MEŠ-ma
45[x x x x x] x x x x meš-ra-a e-bu-ra-am-ma
46[x x x] ku-uk-ki
47[x x x x x u₂]-ša₂-az-na-na-ku-nu-ši ša₂-mu-ut ki-ba-a-ti
48[x x x še]-e#-ri ina na-ma-a#-ri#
49[x x x x x x x] i-pa-ah-hur ma-a-[tu₄]
50[x x n]a-ši pa-a[s-su]
51[x x x n]a-ši a-b[a-an-šu]
52[x x x x x x x (x x x)] :#
53{lu₂}GURUŠ-MEŠ i#-x [x x x x x]
54[ši-bu-ti i-zab-b]i-lu# pi-°\til?#°-ta#
55[x x x na]-ši# kup-ra
56[x x x x hi-š]ih-tu ub-la
57[x x x x x x x a]t-ta-di bu-na-ša₂
58[x x x x x x NINDAN.TA.A]M₃ šaq-qa-a E₂.GAR₈-MEŠ-ša₂
59[x x x x x im-ta-h]ir ki-bir muh-hi-ša₂
T 45Booty of fish . . . . [and big] the harvest.
. . . . . . . . causing a plentiful rainfall (?) to come down upon you."'
[(Then) when something] of morning had dawn’d . . . .
(Five lines mutilated).
T 55Pitch did the children provide, (while) the strong brought [all] that was needful.
(Then) on the fifth day (after) I laid out the shape (of my vessel),
Ten gar each was the height of her sides, in accord with her planning(?),
Ten gar to match was the size of her deck (?), and the shape of the forepart (?)
60[x x x x x š]a₂-a-ši e-ṣir-ši
61[ur-tag-gi-ib-š]i a-na 6-šu₂
62[x x x x x] a-na 7-šu₂
63[x x x x ap-ta-r]a-as a-na 9-šu₂
64[x x x x x x x] lu# am-has-si
T 60Did I lay down, (and) the same did I fashion; (aye), six times cross-pinn’d her,
Sevenfold did I divide her . . . ., divided her inwards
Ninefold: hammer’d the caulking within her, (and) found me a quant-pole,
65[x x x x x x x x x ad]-d[i]
66[x x x x x x x x k]i-i-ri#
67[x x x x x x x x] lib₃-bi
68[x x x x x {giš}su-us-su-l]i ša₂ i#-zab#-bi-lu I+GIŠ₃
69[x x x x x x x i]-ku-lu ni-iq-qu
93u₄#-m[u x x x x x x x x]
94e-r[u-ub x x x x x x x x x x x x]
T 65(All) that was needful I added; the hull with six shar of bitumen
Smear’d I, (and) three shar of pitch [did I smear] on the inside; some people,
Bearing a vessel of grease, three shar of it brought (me); (and) one shar
(Out of this) grease did I leave, which the tackling (?) consumed; (and) the boatman
T 70Two shar of grease stow’d away; (yea), beeves for the . . . I slaughter’d,
Each day lambs did I slay: mead, beer, oil, wine, too, the workmen
[Drank] as though they were water , and made a great feast like the New Year,
(Five mutilated lines "I added salve for the hand(s)," "the vessel was finish’d . . . Shamash the great." "was difficult," " . . ? I caused to bring above and below," "two-thirds of it"):
T 80[All I possess’d I] laded aboard her; the silver I laded
All I possess'd; gold, all I possess’d I laded aboard her,
All I possess’d of the seed of all living [I laded aboard] her.
Into the ship I embark’d all my kindred and family (with me),
T 85Cattle (and) beasts of the field (and) all handicraftsmen embarking.
(Then) decreed Shamash the hour: " . . . . (?)
Shall in the night let a plentiful rainfall(?) pour down . . . .
(Then) do thou enter the vessel, and (straightway) shut down thy hatchway."
T 90Came (then) that hour (appointed), . . . . . . (?)
Did in the night let a plentiful rainfall(?) pour down . . . . (?)
View’d I the aspect of day: to look on the day bore a horror,
(Wherefore) I enter’d the vessel, and (straightway) shut down my hatchway,
(So, too) to shut down the vessel to Puzur-Amurri (?), the boatman,
95a-na p[e-he-e x x x x x x x x x x x]
96E₂.GA[L x x x x x x x x x]
97mim-m[u-u₂ x x x x x x x]
98i-la[m-ma x x x x x x x x x x x x]
99{d}IŠK[UR x x x x x x x x x ( : )]
100[x x x x x x x x x x x]
101il-l[a-ku x x x x x x x x x x ( : )]
102[x x x x x x x x x x x]
103il-l[ak x x x x x x x x x ( : )]
104[x x x x x x x x x x x x]
T 95Did I deliver the poop (of the ship), besides its equipment.
(Then), when something of dawn had appear’d, from out the horizon
Rose a cloud darkling; (lo), Adad (the storm-god) was rumbling within it,
T 100Nabu and Sharru were leading the vanguard, and coming as heralds
Over the hills and the levels: (then) Irragal wrench’d out the bollards;
Havoc Ninurta let loose as he came, th’ Anunnaki their torches
105ina n[am-ri-ir-ri-šu₂-nu x x x x x x x x x]
108[ir-hi-i]ṣ KUR GIM x [x x x x x x x]
1091#-en u₄-ma me-h[u-u₂ x x x x x x]
110ha-an-ṭiš i-zi-qam-ma x [x x x x x x x x x x]
111ki-ma qab-li UGU U[G₃-MEŠ x x x x x x x]
112ul im-mar a-hu a-ha-šu
113u[l x x x x x x x x x x x]
114DINGIR-MEŠ ip-la-hu [x x x x x]
115it-tah-su i-te-lu-u₂# [x x x x x x x]
116DINGIR-MEŠ GIM UR.GI₇ kun-nu-n[u x x x x x x x]
117i-šas-si {d}iš-tar [x x x]
118u₂-nam-ba {d}be-let-DI[NGIR-MEŠ x x x x]
119u₄-mu ul-lu-u₂ a-na ṭi-[iṭ-ṭi x x x x x]
T 105Brandish’d, and shrivell’d the land with their flames; desolation from Adad
Stretch’d to (high) Heaven, (and) all that was bright was turn’d into darkness.
(Four lines mutilated "the land like . . .," "for one day the st[orm] . . ., " "fiercely blew . . . . " "like a battle . . . ").
Nor could a brother distinguish his brother; from heaven were mortals
Not to be spied. O, were stricken with terror the gods at the Deluge,
Fleeing, they rose to the Heaven of Anu, and crouch’d in the outskirts,
T 115Cow 'ring like curs were the gods (while) like to a woman in travail
Ishtar did cry, she shrieking aloud, (e’en) the sweet-spoken Lady
(She of the gods): 'May that day turn to dust, because I spake evil
120aš₂-šu₂ a-na-ku ina pu-hur DING[IR.DINGIR x x x x x]
121ki-i aq-bi ina pu-hur DI[NGIR.DINGIR x x]
122ana hul-lu-uq UN-MEŠ-i[a x x x x x]
123ana-ku-um-ma ul-la-d[a x x x x x] $ end of column
T 120(There) in th’ Assemblage of Gods! O, how could I utter (such) evil
(There) in the Assemblage of Gods, (so) to blot out my people, ordaining
Havoc! Sooth, then, am I to give birth, unto (these) mine own people
Only to glut (with their bodies) the Sea as though they were fish-spawn?'
Thompson's numbered block(s) extend after the lines preserved on this tablet; the whole block is given so that no English line is cut mid-block.
138uk-tam-mi-is-ma at-ta-[šab x x x]
139UGU BAD₃ ap-[p]i-ia il-l[a-ka x x x]
140ap-pa-lis kib-ra-[a]-ti a-n[a x x x x x]
T 135(Then) I open’d a hatchway, and down on my cheek stream’d the sunlight,
Bowing myself, I sat weeping, my tears o’er my cheek(s) overflowing,
Into the distance I gazed, to the furthest bounds of the Ocean,
Thompson's numbered block(s) extend before the lines preserved on this tablet; the whole block is given so that no English line is cut mid-block.
141a-na 14.TA.AM₃ i#-te-l[a-a x x x]
142ana KUR ni-muš i#-te-[mid x x]
143KUR-u₂ ni-muš {giš}M[A₂ iṣ-b]at-ma a#-[na x x x x x x]
1441-en u₄-ma 2 u₄-ma K[UR ni-m]uš KI[MIN ( : )]
145[x x x x x x x x x x x x x x]
1465-ša₂ 6-ša₂ KUR#-u₂# [ni-muš K]IMIN [( : )]
147[x x x x x x x x x]
148u₂-še-ṣi-[ma x x x x x x ( : )]
149[x x x x x x x x x]
150[man-za]-zu# [x x x x x x x x]
T 140Land was uprear’d at twelve (points), and the Ark on the Mountain of Nisir
Grounded; the Mountain of Nisir held fast, nor gave lease to her shifting.
One day, (nay,) two, did Nisir hold fast, nor give lease to her shifting.
Three days, (nay), four, did Nisir hold fast, nor give lease to her shifting,
Five days, (nay,) six, did Nisir hold fast, nor give lease to her shifting.
T 145(Then), when the seventh day dawn’d, I put forth a dove, and released (her),
(But) to and fro went the dove, and return’d (for) a resting-place was not.
Cite
Source & Cross-References
- Source text: British Museum Sm.2131 photograph via eBL + eBL manuscript ATF (L.1.4 SB XI) + R. Campbell Thompson 1928 — view original
- Critical edition: Electronic Babylonian Library manuscript transliteration (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
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